Gmail attempts to protect us from known and unknown threats. In this case, Gmail will deliver the email, but it will filter out the images and links within the email to protect EdOps.
Here's what Jeff Krishak saw in February 2022:
The resolution is to have Josh add the sender to the approved sender's list in the google console and then have the sender resend the email.
Note to Josh
Apps >Google Workspace > Settings for Gmail > Spam, phishing, and malware > Approved Senders List